diff --git a/app/Console/Commands/FcmPruneInvalidCommand.php b/app/Console/Commands/FcmPruneInvalidCommand.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4f48e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Console/Commands/FcmPruneInvalidCommand.php
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Console\Commands;
+
+use App\Models\PushDeviceToken;
+use Illuminate\Console\Command;
+
+class FcmPruneInvalidCommand extends Command
+{
+    protected $signature = 'fcm:prune-invalid
+                            {--days=30 : N일 이상 된 무효 토큰 삭제}
+                            {--inactive : 비활성(is_active=0) 토큰도 삭제}
+                            {--dry-run : 실제 삭제 없이 대상 수만 출력}
+                            {--force : 확인 없이 강제 실행}';
+
+    protected $description = 'FCM 무효 토큰 정리 (soft delete)';
+
+    public function handle(): int
+    {
+        $days = (int) $this->option('days');
+        $includeInactive = $this->option('inactive');
+        $dryRun = $this->option('dry-run');
+
+        $this->info('FCM 무효 토큰 정리');
+        $this->line('');
+
+        // 1. 에러가 있는 토큰 (N일 이상)
+        $errorQuery = PushDeviceToken::withoutGlobalScopes()
+            ->hasError()
+            ->where('last_error_at', '<', now()->subDays($days));
+
+        $errorCount = $errorQuery->count();
+
+        // 2. 비활성 토큰 (옵션)
+        $inactiveCount = 0;
+        if ($includeInactive) {
+            $inactiveQuery = PushDeviceToken::withoutGlobalScopes()
+                ->where('is_active', false)
+                ->whereNull('last_error')  // 에러 없이 비활성화된 것만
+                ->where('updated_at', '<', now()->subDays($days));
+
+            $inactiveCount = $inactiveQuery->count();
+        }
+
+        $totalCount = $errorCount + $inactiveCount;
+
+        // 현황 출력
+        $this->table(['구분', '대상 수'], [
+            ["에러 토큰 ({$days}일 이상)", $errorCount],
+            ['비활성 토큰', $includeInactive ? $inactiveCount : '(미포함)'],
+            ['합계', $totalCount],
+        ]);
+        $this->line('');
+
+        if ($totalCount === 0) {
+            $this->info('정리할 토큰이 없습니다.');
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        // Dry-run 모드
+        if ($dryRun) {
+            $this->info("🔍 Dry-run: {$totalCount}개 토큰 삭제 예정");
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        // 확인
+        if (! $this->option('force') && ! $this->confirm("정말 {$totalCount}개 토큰을 삭제하시겠습니까?")) {
+            $this->info('취소되었습니다.');
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        // 삭제 실행
+        $deletedError = 0;
+        $deletedInactive = 0;
+
+        // 에러 토큰 삭제
+        if ($errorCount > 0) {
+            $deletedError = PushDeviceToken::withoutGlobalScopes()
+                ->hasError()
+                ->where('last_error_at', '<', now()->subDays($days))
+                ->delete();
+
+            $this->info("  에러 토큰 삭제: {$deletedError}개");
+        }
+
+        // 비활성 토큰 삭제
+        if ($includeInactive && $inactiveCount > 0) {
+            $deletedInactive = PushDeviceToken::withoutGlobalScopes()
+                ->where('is_active', false)
+                ->whereNull('last_error')
+                ->where('updated_at', '<', now()->subDays($days))
+                ->delete();
+
+            $this->info("  비활성 토큰 삭제: {$deletedInactive}개");
+        }
+
+        $this->line('');
+        $this->info('✅ 총 '.($deletedError + $deletedInactive).'개 토큰 삭제 완료 (soft delete)');
+
+        return self::SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Console/Commands/FcmSendCommand.php b/app/Console/Commands/FcmSendCommand.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9177da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Console/Commands/FcmSendCommand.php
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Console\Commands;
+
+use App\Models\PushDeviceToken;
+use App\Services\Fcm\FcmSender;
+use Illuminate\Console\Command;
+
+class FcmSendCommand extends Command
+{
+    protected $signature = 'fcm:send
+                            {--tenant= : 테넌트 ID (미지정 시 전체)}
+                            {--user= : 사용자 ID (미지정 시 전체)}
+                            {--platform= : 플랫폼 (android, ios, web)}
+                            {--channel=push_default : 알림 채널 (push_default, push_urgent)}
+                            {--title= : 알림 제목 (필수)}
+                            {--body= : 알림 내용 (필수)}
+                            {--type= : 알림 타입 (invoice_failed 등)}
+                            {--url= : 클릭 시 이동 URL}
+                            {--sound-key= : 사운드 키 (invoice_failed 등)}
+                            {--dry-run : 실제 발송 없이 대상 수만 출력}
+                            {--limit=1000 : 최대 발송 수}';
+
+    protected $description = 'FCM 푸시 알림 대량 발송';
+
+    public function handle(): int
+    {
+        $title = $this->option('title');
+        $body = $this->option('body');
+
+        if (empty($title) || empty($body)) {
+            $this->error('--title과 --body는 필수입니다.');
+
+            return self::FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        // 대상 토큰 조회
+        $query = PushDeviceToken::withoutGlobalScopes()->active();
+
+        if ($tenantId = $this->option('tenant')) {
+            $query->forTenant((int) $tenantId);
+        }
+
+        if ($userId = $this->option('user')) {
+            $query->forUser((int) $userId);
+        }
+
+        if ($platform = $this->option('platform')) {
+            $query->platform($platform);
+        }
+
+        $limit = (int) $this->option('limit');
+        $tokens = $query->limit($limit)->pluck('token', 'id')->toArray();
+        $tokenCount = count($tokens);
+
+        if ($tokenCount === 0) {
+            $this->warn('발송 대상 토큰이 없습니다.');
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        // 발송 정보 출력
+        $this->info('FCM 대량 발송');
+        $this->line('');
+        $this->table(['항목', '값'], [
+            ['대상 토큰 수', $tokenCount],
+            ['테넌트', $this->option('tenant') ?: '전체'],
+            ['사용자', $this->option('user') ?: '전체'],
+            ['플랫폼', $this->option('platform') ?: '전체'],
+            ['채널', $this->option('channel')],
+            ['제목', $title],
+            ['내용', mb_substr($body, 0, 30).(mb_strlen($body) > 30 ? '...' : '')],
+            ['타입', $this->option('type') ?: '(없음)'],
+            ['URL', $this->option('url') ?: '(없음)'],
+        ]);
+        $this->line('');
+
+        // Dry-run 모드
+        if ($this->option('dry-run')) {
+            $this->info("🔍 Dry-run: {$tokenCount}개 토큰 발송 예정");
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        // 확인
+        if (! $this->confirm("정말 {$tokenCount}개 토큰에 발송하시겠습니까?")) {
+            $this->info('취소되었습니다.');
+
+            return self::SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        // payload 데이터 구성
+        $data = array_filter([
+            'type' => $this->option('type'),
+            'url' => $this->option('url'),
+            'sound_key' => $this->option('sound-key'),
+        ]);
+
+        // 발송 실행
+        $this->info('발송 중...');
+        $bar = $this->output->createProgressBar($tokenCount);
+        $bar->start();
+
+        $sender = new FcmSender;
+        $channel = $this->option('channel');
+        $tokenValues = array_values($tokens);
+        $tokenIds = array_keys($tokens);
+
+        $result = $sender->sendToMany($tokenValues, $title, $body, $channel, $data);
+
+        $bar->finish();
+        $this->line('');
+        $this->line('');
+
+        // 무효 토큰 처리
+        $invalidTokens = $result->getInvalidTokens();
+        if (count($invalidTokens) > 0) {
+            $this->info('무효 토큰 비활성화 중...');
+
+            // 토큰 값으로 DB 업데이트
+            foreach ($invalidTokens as $token) {
+                $response = $result->getResponse($token);
+                $errorCode = $response?->getErrorCode();
+
+                PushDeviceToken::withoutGlobalScopes()
+                    ->where('token', $token)
+                    ->update([
+                        'is_active' => false,
+                        'last_error' => $errorCode,
+                        'last_error_at' => now(),
+                    ]);
+            }
+
+            $this->warn('  비활성화된 토큰: '.count($invalidTokens).'개');
+        }
+
+        // 결과 출력
+        $summary = $result->toSummary();
+        $this->line('');
+        $this->info('✅ 발송 완료');
+        $this->table(['항목', '값'], [
+            ['전체', $summary['total']],
+            ['성공', $summary['success']],
+            ['실패', $summary['failure']],
+            ['무효 토큰', $summary['invalid_tokens']],
+            ['성공률', $summary['success_rate'].'%'],
+        ]);
+
+        return self::SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Models/PushDeviceToken.php b/app/Models/PushDeviceToken.php
index fd87ee5..b4a1ff6 100644
--- a/app/Models/PushDeviceToken.php
+++ b/app/Models/PushDeviceToken.php
@@ -21,11 +21,14 @@ class PushDeviceToken extends Model
         'app_version',
         'is_active',
         'last_used_at',
+        'last_error',
+        'last_error_at',
     ];
 
     protected $casts = [
         'is_active' => 'boolean',
         'last_used_at' => 'datetime',
+        'last_error_at' => 'datetime',
     ];
 
     /**
@@ -76,4 +79,46 @@ public function scopeForUser($query, int $userId)
     {
         return $query->where('user_id', $userId);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Scope: 특정 테넌트의 토큰 (global scope 무시)
+     */
+    public function scopeForTenant($query, int $tenantId)
+    {
+        return $query->where('tenant_id', $tenantId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scope: 에러가 있는 토큰
+     */
+    public function scopeHasError($query)
+    {
+        return $query->whereNotNull('last_error');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 에러 정보 기록
+     */
+    public function recordError(string $errorCode): void
+    {
+        $this->update([
+            'last_error' => $errorCode,
+            'last_error_at' => now(),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 토큰 비활성화 (에러와 함께)
+     */
+    public function deactivate(?string $errorCode = null): void
+    {
+        $data = ['is_active' => false];
+
+        if ($errorCode) {
+            $data['last_error'] = $errorCode;
+            $data['last_error_at'] = now();
+        }
+
+        $this->update($data);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/app/Services/Fcm/FcmBatchResult.php b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmBatchResult.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb0e9e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmBatchResult.php
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Services\Fcm;
+
+class FcmBatchResult
+{
+    /** @var array<string, FcmResponse> */
+    private array $responses = [];
+
+    private int $successCount = 0;
+
+    private int $failureCount = 0;
+
+    /** @var array<string> 무효 토큰 목록 */
+    private array $invalidTokens = [];
+
+    /**
+     * 응답 추가
+     */
+    public function addResponse(string $token, FcmResponse $response): void
+    {
+        $this->responses[$token] = $response;
+
+        if ($response->success) {
+            $this->successCount++;
+        } else {
+            $this->failureCount++;
+
+            if ($response->isInvalidToken()) {
+                $this->invalidTokens[] = $token;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 전체 발송 수
+     */
+    public function getTotal(): int
+    {
+        return count($this->responses);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 성공 수
+     */
+    public function getSuccessCount(): int
+    {
+        return $this->successCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 실패 수
+     */
+    public function getFailureCount(): int
+    {
+        return $this->failureCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 무효 토큰 목록 (비활성화 필요)
+     *
+     * @return array<string>
+     */
+    public function getInvalidTokens(): array
+    {
+        return $this->invalidTokens;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 모든 응답
+     *
+     * @return array<string, FcmResponse>
+     */
+    public function getResponses(): array
+    {
+        return $this->responses;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 특정 토큰의 응답
+     */
+    public function getResponse(string $token): ?FcmResponse
+    {
+        return $this->responses[$token] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 성공률 (%)
+     */
+    public function getSuccessRate(): float
+    {
+        if ($this->getTotal() === 0) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+
+        return round(($this->successCount / $this->getTotal()) * 100, 2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 요약 정보
+     */
+    public function toSummary(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'total' => $this->getTotal(),
+            'success' => $this->successCount,
+            'failure' => $this->failureCount,
+            'invalid_tokens' => count($this->invalidTokens),
+            'success_rate' => $this->getSuccessRate(),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Fcm/FcmException.php b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmException.php
index f88ffb0..4939674 100644
--- a/app/Services/Fcm/FcmException.php
+++ b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmException.php
@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ public static function fromResponse(int $statusCode, array $response): self
 
         return new self($message, $statusCode, $response);
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Fcm/FcmResponse.php b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmResponse.php
index 881860c..acf5953 100644
--- a/app/Services/Fcm/FcmResponse.php
+++ b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmResponse.php
@@ -40,6 +40,18 @@ public static function failure(string $error, int $statusCode, array $rawRespons
         );
     }
 
+    /**
+     * FCM 에러 코드 추출
+     */
+    public function getErrorCode(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->success) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $this->rawResponse['error']['details'][0]['errorCode'] ?? null;
+    }
+
     /**
      * 토큰이 유효하지 않은지 확인 (삭제 필요)
      */
@@ -56,9 +68,7 @@ public function isInvalidToken(): bool
             'NOT_FOUND',
         ];
 
-        $errorCode = $this->rawResponse['error']['details'][0]['errorCode'] ?? null;
-
-        return in_array($errorCode, $invalidTokenErrors, true);
+        return in_array($this->getErrorCode(), $invalidTokenErrors, true);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -73,4 +83,4 @@ public function toArray(): array
             'status_code' => $this->statusCode,
         ];
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/app/Services/Fcm/FcmSender.php b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmSender.php
index 30bd2e3..683b021 100644
--- a/app/Services/Fcm/FcmSender.php
+++ b/app/Services/Fcm/FcmSender.php
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public function sendToToken(
     }
 
     /**
-     * 다건 발송 (토큰 배열)
+     * 다건 발송 (토큰 배열) - 단순 루프
      *
      * @param  array<string>  $tokens
      * @return array<FcmResponse>
@@ -51,6 +51,42 @@ public function sendToTokens(
         return $responses;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 대량 발송 (chunk + rate limit 지원)
+     *
+     * @param  array<string>  $tokens
+     */
+    public function sendToMany(
+        array $tokens,
+        string $title,
+        string $body,
+        string $channelId = 'push_default',
+        array $data = [],
+        ?int $chunkSize = null,
+        ?int $delayMs = null
+    ): FcmBatchResult {
+        $chunkSize = $chunkSize ?? config('fcm.batch.chunk_size', 200);
+        $delayMs = $delayMs ?? config('fcm.batch.delay_ms', 100);
+
+        $result = new FcmBatchResult;
+        $chunks = array_chunk($tokens, $chunkSize);
+        $totalChunks = count($chunks);
+
+        foreach ($chunks as $index => $chunk) {
+            foreach ($chunk as $token) {
+                $response = $this->sendToToken($token, $title, $body, $channelId, $data);
+                $result->addResponse($token, $response);
+            }
+
+            // 마지막 chunk가 아니면 rate limit delay
+            if ($index < $totalChunks - 1 && $delayMs > 0) {
+                usleep($delayMs * 1000);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
     /**
      * FCM 메시지 빌드
      */
@@ -234,4 +270,4 @@ private function logError(array $message, \Exception $e): void
             'trace' => $e->getTraceAsString(),
         ]);
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/config/fcm.php b/config/fcm.php
index a38c062..4756e2d 100644
--- a/config/fcm.php
+++ b/config/fcm.php
@@ -53,6 +53,19 @@
         'ttl' => '86400s', // 24시간
     ],
 
+    /*
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | Batch Settings
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    |
+    | 대량 발송 시 rate limit 관리 설정
+    |
+    */
+    'batch' => [
+        'chunk_size' => env('FCM_BATCH_CHUNK_SIZE', 200),    // 한 번에 처리할 토큰 수
+        'delay_ms' => env('FCM_BATCH_DELAY_MS', 100),        // chunk 간 딜레이 (ms)
+    ],
+
     /*
     |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     | Logging
@@ -62,4 +75,4 @@
         'enabled' => env('FCM_LOGGING_ENABLED', true),
         'channel' => env('FCM_LOG_CHANNEL', 'stack'),
     ],
-];
\ No newline at end of file
+];
diff --git a/database/migrations/2025_12_18_223350_add_last_error_to_push_device_tokens.php b/database/migrations/2025_12_18_223350_add_last_error_to_push_device_tokens.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26d7eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/2025_12_18_223350_add_last_error_to_push_device_tokens.php
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
+use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
+
+return new class extends Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * Run the migrations.
+     */
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        Schema::table('push_device_tokens', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->string('last_error', 100)->nullable()->after('is_active')->comment('마지막 FCM 에러 코드');
+            $table->timestamp('last_error_at')->nullable()->after('last_error')->comment('마지막 에러 발생 시각');
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the migrations.
+     */
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        Schema::table('push_device_tokens', function (Blueprint $table) {
+            $table->dropColumn(['last_error', 'last_error_at']);
+        });
+    }
+};